The Marshmallow Test Delayed Gratification in Children

The marshmallow test, which was created by psychologist Walter Mischel, is one of the most famous psychological experiments ever conducted. The test lets young children decide between an immediate reward, or, if they delay gratification, a larger reward. Studies by Mischel and colleagues found that children’s ability to delay gratification when they were young was correlated with positive future outcomes. More recent research has shed further light on these findings and provided a more nuanced understanding of the future benefits of self-control in childhood. Key Takeaways: The Marshmallow Test The marshmallow test was created by Walter Mischel. He and his colleagues used it to test young children’s ability to delay gratification.In the test, a child is presented with the opportunity to receive an immediate reward or to wait to receive a better reward.A relationship was found between children’s ability to delay gratification during the marshmallow test and their academic achievement as adolescents.More recent research has added nuance to these findings showing that environmental factors, such as the reliability of the environment, play a role in whether or not children delay gratification.Contrary to expectations, children’s ability to delay gratification during the marshmallow test has increased over time. The Original Marshmallow Test The original version of the marshmallow test used in studies by Mischel and colleagues consisted of a simple scenario. A child was brought into a room and presented with a reward, usually a marshmallow or some other desirable treat. The child was told that the researcher had to leave the room but if they could wait until the researcher returned, the child would get two marshmallows instead of just the one they were presented with. If they couldn’t wait, they wouldn’t get the more desirable reward. The researcher would then leave the room for a specific amount of time (typically 15 minutes but sometimes as long as 20 minutes) or until the child could no longer resist eating the single marshmallow in front of them. Over six years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Mischel and colleagues repeated the marshmallow test with hundreds of children who attended the preschool on the Stanford University campus. The children were between 3 and 5 years old when they participated in the experiments. Variations on the marshmallow test used by the researchers included different ways to help the children delay gratification, such as obscuring the treat in front of the child or giving the child instructions to think about something else in order to get their mind off the treat they were waiting for. Years later, Mischel and colleagues followed up with some of their original marshmallow test participants. They discovered something surprising. Those individuals who were able to delay gratification during the marshmallow test as young children rated significantly higher on cognitive ability and the ability to cope with stress and frustration in adolescence. They also earned higher SAT scores. These results led many to conclude that the ability to pass the marshmallow test and delay gratification was the key to a successful future. However, Mischel and his colleagues were always more cautious about their findings. They suggested that the link between delayed gratification in the marshmallow test and future academic success might weaken if a larger number of participants were studied. They also observed that factors like the child’s home environment could be more influential on future achievement than their research could show. Recent Findings The relationship Mischel and colleagues found between delayed gratification in childhood and future academic achievement garnered a great deal of attention. As a result, the marshmallow test became one of the most well-known psychological experiments in history. Yet, recent studies have used the basic paradigm of the marshmallow test to determine how Mischel’s findings hold up in different circumstances. Delayed Gratification and Environmental Reliability In 2013, Celeste Kidd, Holly Palmeri, and Richard Aslin published a study that added a new wrinkle to the idea that delayed gratification was the result of a child’s level of self-control. In the study, each child was primed to believe the environment was either reliable or unreliable. In both conditions, before doing the marshmallow test, the child participant was given an art project to do. In the unreliable condition, the child was provided with a set of used crayons and told that if they waited, the researcher would get them a bigger, newer set. The researcher would leave and return empty-handed after two and a half minutes. The researcher would then repeat this sequence of events with a set of stickers. The children in the reliable condition experienced the same set up, but in this case the researcher came back with the promised art supplies. The children were then given the marshmallow test. Researchers found that those in the unreliable condition waited only about three minutes on average to eat the marshmallow, while those in the reliable condition managed to wait for an average of 12 minutes—substantially longer. The findings suggest that children’s ability to delay gratification isn’t solely the result of self-control. It’s also a rational response to what they know about the stability of their environment. Thus, the results show that nature and nurture play a role in the marshmallow test. A child’s capacity for self-control combined with their knowledge of their environment leads to their decision about whether or not to delay gratification. Marshmallow Test Replication Study In 2018, another group of researchers, Tyler Watts, Greg Duncan, and Haonan Quan, performed a conceptual replication of the marshmallow test. The study wasn’t a direct replication because it didn’t recreate Mischel and his colleagues exact methods. The researchers still evaluated the relationship between delayed gratification in childhood and future success, but their approach was different. Watts and his colleagues utilized longitudinal data from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, a diverse sample of over 900 children. In particular, the researchers focused their analysis on children whose mothers hadn’t completed college when they were born—a subsample of the data that better represented the racial and economic composition of children in America (although Hispanics were still underrepresented). Each additional minute a child delayed gratification predicted small gains in academic achievement in adolescence, but the increases were much smaller than those reported in Mischel’s studies. Plus, when factors like family background, early cognitive ability, and home environment were controlled for, the association virtually disappeared. The results of the replication study have led many outlets reporting the news to claim that Mischel’s conclusions had been debunked. However, things aren’t quite so black and white. The new study demonstrated what psychologists already knew: that factors like affluence and poverty will impact one’s ability to delay gratification. The researchers themselves were measured in their interpretation of the results. Lead  researcher Watts cautioned, â€Å"†¦these new findings should not be interpreted to suggest that gratification delay is completely unimportant, but rather that focusing only on teaching young children to delay gratification is unlikely to make much of a difference.† Instead, Watts suggested that interventions that focus on the broad cognitive and behavioral capabilities that help a child develop the ability to delay gratification would be more useful in the long term than interventions that only help a child learn to delay gratification. Cohort Effects in Delayed Gratification With mobile phones, streaming video, and on-demand everything today, its a common belief that childrens ability to delay gratification is deteriorating. In order to investigate this hypothesis, a group of researchers, including Mischel, conducted an analysis comparing American children who took the marshmallow test in the 1960s, 1980s, or 2000s. The children all came from similar socioeconomic backgrounds and were all 3 to 5 years old when they took the test. Contrary to popular expectations, children’s ability to delay gratification increased in each birth cohort. The children who took the test in the 2000s delayed gratification for an average of 2 minutes longer than the children who took the test in the 1960s and 1 minute longer than the children who took the test in the 1980s. The researchers suggested that the results can be explained by increases in IQ scores over the past several decades, which is linked to changes in technology, the increase in globalization, and changes in the economy. They also noted that the use of digital technology has been associated with an increased ability to think abstractly, which could lead to better executive function skills, such as the self-control associated with delayed gratification. Increased preschool attendance could also help account for the results. Nonetheless, the researchers cautioned that their study wasn’t conclusive. Future research with more diverse participants is needed to see if the findings hold up with different populations as well as what might be driving the results. Sources American Psychology Association. Can Kids Wait? Todays Youngsters May Be Able to Delay Gratification Longer Than Those of the 1960s. 25 June, 2018. https://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/2018/06/delay-gratificationAssociation for Psychological Science. A New Approach to the Marshmallow Test Yields Complicated Findings. 5 June, 2018. https://www.psychologicalscience.org/publications/observer/obsonline/a-new-approach-to-the-marshmallow-test-yields-complex-findings.htmlCarlson, Stephanie M., Yuichi Shoda, Ozlem Ayduk, Lawrence Aber, Catherine Schaefer, Anita Sethi, Nicole Wilson, Philip K. Peake, and Walter Mischel. Cohort Effects in Childrens Delay of Gratification. Developmental Psychology, vol. 54, no. 8, 2018, pp. 1395-1407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000533Kidd, Celeste, Holly Palmeri, and Richard N. Aslin. Rational Snacking: Young Childrens Decision-Making on the Marshmallow Task is Moderated By Beliefs About Environmental Reliability. Cognition, vol. 126, no. 1, 2013, pp. 109 -114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2012.08.004New York University. Professor Replicates Famous Marshmallow Test, Makes New Observations. ScienceDaily, 25 May, 2018.  https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/05/180525095226.htmShoda, Yuichi, Walter Mischel, and Philip K. Peake. Predicting Adolescent Cognitive and Self-Regulatory Competencies from Preschool Delay of Gratification: Identifying Diagnostic Conditions. Developmental Psychology, vol. 26, no. 6, 1990, pp. 978-986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.26.6.978University of Rochester. The Marshmallow Study Revisited. 11 October, 2012. https://www.rochester.edu/news/show.php?id4622Watts, Tyler W., Greg J. Duncan, and Haonan Quan. Revisiting the Marshmallow Test: A Conceptual Replication Investigating Links Between Early Delay of Gratification and Later Outcomes. Psychological Science, vol. 28, no. 7, 2018, pp. 1159-1177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797618761661

How Divorce Affects The Children - 917 Words

It is no surprise that the rate of divorce in the world has been climbing steadily. Ever since the 1970’s the rate of divorce has risen exponentially. While the traumas of divorce are ever present for the couple splitting up, has anyone thought about how this effects their children? It often seems that children are placed on the back burner, when it comes to marital issues, and treated as collateral damage in their parents’ whirlwind issues. In this paper, I will be focusing on how divorce negatively affects the children, and the strain that is placed upon them, and the current rates at which people are ending their marriages. A dictionary of Law (8th ed), published by the Oxford University Press, defines divorce as a legal dissolution of the marriage other than means of death or nullification. When one party dies, or if the couple wed as a result of false pretense, or inebriation the couple can obtain a nullification, to make the marriage null and void, as if the marriage never legally existed. When the couple is involved in a legal, legitimate marriage, things begin to become a little more difficult to end things. The Dictionary lists the legal reasons for divorce, along with the due process of attaining a divorce. Reasons for divorce include infidelity, unreasonable behavior that the filing spouse finds intolerable, two years’ desertion, two years’ separation with bipartisan divorce consent, and if the two parties have lived apart for at least two years. If one, or allShow MoreRelatedHow Divorce Affects Children1359 Words   |  6 PagesHow Divorce Affects Children When a person starts considering marriage, that person is looking for the marriage to last for a life time. 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Divorce and singleRead MoreHow Does Divorce Affect Children?1364 Words   |  6 PagesHOW DOES DIVORCE AFFECT CHILDREN? By Angela Russell Suzanne Sutphin Soc201 March 19, 2016 HOW DOES DIVORCE AFFECT CHILDREN Introduction I. Statistics of Divorce A. Divorce rates in early 1900s 1. Reasons for divorce in early 1900s B. Divorce Rate in 2000s 1. Reasons for divorce in 2000s II. How kids handle divorce A. Attitude 1. School life 2. Home life B. Blame 1. One parent vs the other parent 2. Anger III. Helping kids handle the split A. Therapy 1. One on one therapy 2. Family counselingRead MoreResearch Paper How Divorce Affects or Children2073 Words   |  9 PagesResearch Paper: The Impact of Divorce on Children Jimmy Trolinger Liberty University On-Line Author Note Jimmy Trolinger, Psychology Student at Liberty University Prepared for Professor Jennifer Kennedy Psychology 210 D-12 Liberty University Abstract Divorce causes many problems for children and has many implications. Psychological implications include mental health problems and behavioral problems. Social roles are turned inside out and upside down. Children are often pulled in many directionsRead MoreDivorce: How Does It Affect Children? Essay2564 Words   |  11 PagesDivorce: How does it affect children? Over 60 percent of couples seeking a divorce have children still living at home. ( 6) What some parents dont realize when they file for a divorce is the damage and effect that it will have on their kids. Divorce affects children in many ways. It affects kids emotionally and causes them to experience painful feelings such as fear, loss, anger and confusion. Divorce also hurts a childs academic achievement. Children whose parents divorce generally haveRead MoreChanges, Trauma, And Guilt : How Divorce Affects Children Essay1755 Words   |  8 Pages Trauma, and Guilt: How Divorce Affects Children â€Å"Since 1972, more than a million youngsters have been involved in a divorce each year† (Zinsmeister). 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Speech†Sensation and Judgement Free Essays

Sensation is the conversion of energy from the environment into a pattern of response by the nervous system. It is the registration of information. Judgment is the evaluation of evidence in the making of a decision and it is the interpretation of information. We will write a custom essay sample on Speech– Sensation and Judgement or any similar topic only for you Order Now When we talk about physical cleanliness, what will be come up is the medical benefits which we may be get rid of sick when we have a good physical cleanliness. Actually, cleanliness is shared by all people in the society. While physical cleanliness and moral purity are highly encouraged by religions which they feel that they are purified from their wrongdoing with physical cleansing. Elder Vandenberg: There is an alliance between physical cleanliness and spiritual cleanliness. It is suggested that one’s moral standing will be changed when there is confusion between moral and physical purity. Here comes to the comparison between our results and the original results took in the University of Toronto. We find out that the scores in the original results all negative while we have some positive scores for instance the issue of homosexuality and obesity. In addition, we have calculated the average score and we find out that the average score of the original results is -1. 56 while ours is -0. 7. Our average score is a bit higher which suggest that the students in hku that we have conducted license a comparatively not harsh judgment to those immoral issues. Conclusion Different condition of both physical and mental cleanliness can shift our moral from pendulum to moral virtuous which affect moral judgment * Physical cleansing was found to alleviate and restore moral self-condemnation and moral self image as they felt they are purified * Moral self-perception can license a harsher moral judgment * Clean self links to a virtuous self clean person feels dirt-free who is morally untainted * Unclean self links to wicked self Unclean person feels dirty who is morally tolerant How to cite Speech– Sensation and Judgement, Papers

Equity Impact of Population Level Interventions †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Equity Impact of Population Level Interventions. Answer: Introduction: Smoking is common among many populations, and various governments across the globe have put up policies to advocate for its abolition or help them do away with this behavior. In New Zealand, in particular, the government has set out a national target, which is; help quit smoking targeting smokers in primary health care and pregnant women. However, recently, the target group has extended to include the whole population (Jha, Peto, 2014). There are various reasons for the government choosing the selected target. Firstly, smoking would pose a serious challenge to pregnant women before, during and after pregnancy. In addition to that, a child born from a smoking mother will likely have complications and this something that the government would like to avoid (Benowitz, Goniewicz, 2013). Moreover, over 5000 people die each year as a result of smoking, and this figure will increase in future. Thus, the government is keen to extend the target group to include the whole population to avoid more deaths in future. Patients with primary health care form another target group that the government has identified. The government rolling on the initiative of better help for smokers to quit would see patients avoiding smoking or quitting it all together after they are discharged (Grana, Ling, 2014). Additionally, for lung cancer patient, the government would help patients reduce the further progression of the disease. One of the current initiatives that relate to the above initiative is an increase of 10 percent of tax on a cigarette every year until 2020. The initiative, that is, increasing taxation on cigarettes would increase the cost of production of cigarettes, and in effect increasing its price. In addition to that, increasing taxation on a cigarette will scare away manufactures thus reducing or preventing more people from engaging in its production. It is an effort that will reduce the sale, distribution, and production of cigarettes (Grana, Benowitz, Glantz, 2014). On the other hand, prices of cigarettes will shoot making it less affordable or rather expensive among smokers. It is another initiative that will discourage people from buying cigarettes for the habit seems to be expensive. The target group for this initiative will be for the whole population in New Zealand. As highlighted above, there are many ways that this will help people quit smoking. About helping people quit smoking, th ere has been a reduction of pregnant women smoking according to recent research (Nides et al., 2014). In addition to that, a study carried out on the youth smoking show that the youth are starting to avoid smoking terming it an expensive habit. Moreover, there has been complaining from the cigarette manufacturing companies on the initiative of increasing taxation, something that suggests, are not happy and may not be encouraging for other similar players. Proposal details In Bay of Plenty region, there should be initiatives that can be put in place to discourage people from smoking, or rather would make them quit smoking, for pregnant mothers, patients and the whole population at large. Firstly, Bay of plenty governance should support a ban on advertising tobacco products on posters, stores and other advertising avenues. The program would see that cigarette and tobacco products are not seen by youngsters as something pleasant to engage in or rather as an item a person ought to brag about indulging into (World Health Organization, 2015). It is one way that will reduce the popularity of cigarette and in long run, make people stop smoking. Moreover, the region should hold campaigns and seminar to sensitize pregnant mothers to stop smoking before, during and after pregnancy. The seminars and campaigns focus on educating women on the side effects of smoking while pregnant, both for the new born baby and the mother. This initiative would make women to be co nscious of the manner in which they are going to interfere with the safety of children when smoking. In addition to that, it would make them aware of the side effects that come with smoking. A person is likely to be part of the program that he or she understands well that a program that he is not are of or lacks the necessary knowledge (World Health Organization, 2015). On the other hand, the region can spearhead program that are aimed at putting policies that limit the sale of tobacco. It is a program that would make it hard for the majority of people to access cigarettes and in effect, help people quit smoking. On the other hand, there should be the minimum age for people to start smoking. It is true that children like imitating and learning from what they see from adults (El-Zaatari et al., 2015). Putting a legislation that limits children from smoking at a tender age would limit the number of youngsters smoking and decide whether to smoke or not at a later age when they are matu re enough to make the right decision (Carter et al., 2015). Additionally, there ought to be integration of the school curriculum on why children need not to smoke after finishing school. It will offer them an opportunity to see why they ought not to smoke either as adults or when pregnant. Moreover, the region should increase services that are geared towards quit smoking and better access to services. It will help patients that need to quit smoking and also make pregnant women access services that aid those aces services they need to quit smoking (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2014). On the other hand, the region need to train professionals on making up follow up, either through mobile phones or face to face consultations to assist patients or pregnant mothers to have the services they need to quit smoking. In addition to that, the region, through their governance should put in place agencies that can be instrumental in implementing policies geared towards embracing qu it smoking policies (Brown, Platt, Amos, 2014). Through these agencies, it would be easier to identify the challenges that exist with the current policy and implement it or rectify the mistakes. Moreover, it would be easier to put into practice the policies that can aid to do away with smoking because now there would be an oversight authority. On the other hand, health care professional need to be motivated to carry on their duty with morale and with total devotion to helping people quit smoking is a commitment that lasts for a long time but not in a span of a short time. In this regard, it would be important that the management consider my suggestion in helping the people quit smoking. There are many ways that the management can do this at the moment. Firstly, they need to fund my proposal about giving me more time to have the comprehensive details on the shortcoming and how the region can overcome them. Moreover, the management can do a wonderful job in making this proposal a top priority by giving it go ahead to be completed to its fruition. Additionally, it would be important if the management finds it time to look at this proposal in depth and the implication that people of the region may face should the suggestions stated fail to materialize. I, therefore, find it important that the management corporate in the best way possible in having this project go through. References Benowitz, N. L., Goniewicz, M. L. (2013). The regulatory challenge of electronic cigarettes. Jama, 310(7), 685-686. Brown, T., Platt, S., Amos, A. (2014). Equity impact of population-level interventions and policies to reduce smoking in adults: a systematic review. Drug and alcohol dependence, 138, 7-16. Carter, B. D., Abnet, C. C., Feskanich, D., Freedman, N. D., Hartge, P., Lewis, C. E., ... Jacobs, E. J. (2015). Smoking and mortalitybeyond established causes. New England journal of medicine, 372(7), 631-640. El-Zaatari, Z. M., Chami, H. A., Zaatari, G. S. (2015). Health effects associated with waterpipe smoking. Tobacco control, 24(Suppl 1), i31-i43. Grana, R. A., Ling, P. M. (2014). Smoking revolution: a content analysis of electronic cigarette retail websites. American journal of preventive medicine, 46(4), 395-403. Grana, R., Benowitz, N., Glantz, S. A. (2014). E-cigarettes. Circulation, 129(19), 1972-1986. Jha, P., Peto, R. (2014). Global effects of smoking, of quitting, and of taxing tobacco. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(1), 60-68. Nides, M. A., Leischow, S. J., Bhatter, M., Simmons, M. (2014). Nicotine blood levels and short-term smoking reduction with an electronic nicotine delivery system. American journal of health behavior, 38(2), 265-274. Polosa, R., Rodu, B., Caponnetto, P., Maglia, M., Raciti, C. (2013). A fresh look at tobacco harm reduction: the case for the electronic cigarette. Harm reduction journal, 10(1), 19. US Department of Health and Human Services. (2014). The health consequences of smoking50 years of progress: a report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 17. World Health Organization. (2015). The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control: 10 years of implementation in the African Region. World Health Organization. World Health Organization. (2015). WHO global report on trends in prevalence of tobacco smoking 2015. World Health Organization.

Albert Einstein Essays (778 words) - Physics, Science And Technology

Albert Einstein Albert Einstein was one of a few scientists that change the way we look at the world Today. He was born in 1879 and die on 1955. In that time he made many theories on how the world works. Einstein got married twice once to a class mate and once his cousin. Einstein also like music and he played the violin. Albert Einstein is on of few scientist who had changed the way the world works today. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm Germany on March 14 1879. He died in Princeton on April 18 1955 at the age of 76. Albert Einstein did not like his school in Germany. His best subject in school were mathematics and science. At The age of 12 he taught himself Euclidean geometry. Later when he was 17 he entered the Polytechnic in Zurich Switzerland. He did not like the Polytechnic very much. He often cut classes to study physics and play his beloved violin. In Polytechnic he met a classmate named Mileva Maric. They got along very will so they soon got married. They had two sons and settled down in a small apartment in Bern. In Bern he had a job to check technical description in the application for patents. In 1913 Einstein was invited to Berlin to lead a scientific research. He then separated from his wife and two son to go to Berlin. In Berlin explained his theories to other scientists. In Berlin he happened to live very close to his cousin Elsa. Elsa was a widow with two daughter. Albert Einstein and Elsa got along very well so they go married. They lived in lager apartment. Albert Einstein had many theories his General theory of Relativity, His special Theory of relativity, Theory about light rays and many more. His Theory of relativity was probably his most famous one of all. It was about the laws of relativity and the law of gravity. One of Albert Einstein theories that he could prove was his theory about light rays. It was about how gravity could bend light rays. On march 1919 there was a total eclipse of the sun. This was Albert Einstein chance to prove his theory about light rays. On that day the moon move in the way of the sun blocking the light. On both side of the sun there was two stars. When the moon block the sun you could only see the to stars. The two stars seem farther away because the gravitational pull of the sun bend the light rays of the two stars making it look farther to the people on Earth. Albert Einstein predicted exactly what look place. This made Albert Einstein very famous. When Albert Einstein was famous his theories were k now to every one in the world by 1922. Most people did not understand his theories but they relaxed that he was a genius. Albert Einstein traveled all over the world give lectures and explaining his theories to other scientist. This sometime was very stressful for Albert Einstein. He had many ways of relaxing his favorite way of relaxing was to play his beloved violin. In 1921 he was invited to the United States Of America to give lectures and explain his theories to other scientist. There Albert Einstein was greeted by cheering crowds at the airport. In 1922 he won a Nobel Prizes for physics. Albert Einstein won a the Nobel Prizes for physics for proving he theory on light rays and other things. After Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prizes for Physics he was followed by photographer and reporters everywhere he went. He was the best known scientist in the 20th century. In 1939the scientist of the United States of America turn to Albert Einstein for help. They feared that Germany was making a atomic bomb. Albert Einstein got to work right away. Albert Einstein and a group of scientist studied the inside of an atom. Later on Albert Einstein and a group of scientist were able to develop an atomic bomb. Whit this they were able to threaten the Germans. Albert Einstein made a difference in how in how we look at thing today. He was born in

Informative Essay Sample on Mother Teresa and Her Background

Informative Essay Sample on Mother Teresa and Her Background Mother Teresa was a person that was admired and respected. She was a person that made an impact on your life and made people loot at the world with a different eye. Even though the world is full of good people, great humanitarians, people who donate billions of dollars, who raise their voices to make a difference, Mother Teresa stands out in the crowd, she was a very unique person. Agnes was born on August 27, 1910 in Skopje in Macedonia and given the name of Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu. Teresa was the youngest of three children born to Nikola and Dronda Bojaxhiu. Her family was deeply religious Roman Catholics. Agnes learned about charity from her mother and father who never turned away from those in need whether seeking food, shelter, clothing or even money. Her father was a popular merchant and a partner to an Italian merchant and her mother was a housewife. Her father owned several houses and was a member of the Skopje council. He was heavily involved in politics and it is said that his death was due to his activity in politics. In 1918 people believed that his enemies poisoned her father. At this point her family life changed. The family was left with little money and the church became very important part of their lives. Agnes was always her own person, startlingly independent, obedient challenging, some preconceived notions and expectations. But the pastor of her church, Father Jambren Kovin, influenced her. The priest introduced Agnes to the work being done by missionaries in India. Agnes used to go trips with her mother to visit the elderly, sick and poor. Even though her mother had to work extra hard after her father’s death, the generosity that she showed people has such a profound influence on Agnes. During Agnes’s early years she was fascinated with missionary life and service. At the age of eighteen she felt that she had been called to a religious life. So Agnes decided to follow the feelings in her heart and join the Loreto Sisters of Dublin. In 1928 Agnes began her religious life in Ireland. While in Ireland she learned to speak English and in November she went to India to teach English in an Indian school. There she spends seventeen years teaching and being principal of St. Mary’s high school in Calcutta. During her time there in 1929, Agnes started her novitiate in an Abbey in Darjeeling and Abbey in the foothills of the Himalayas. A novitiate is a time a nun spends studying, praying and contemplating before she takes her vows. On May 24, 1931, Agnes took her first vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. She took her name for St. Theresa, the patron saint of missionaries. On May 14, 1937, Teresa took her final vows, promising to serve God for the rest of her life. Everyday Teresa would look out of the convent to the streets of Calcutta. She wanted to help the starving and dying people on the streets. She was not allowed to leave the Loreto order of nuns. They had a rule that you could not leave the convent unless they were seriously ill. In August 1946, Sister Teresa couldn’t stand it any longer. A four-day riot had broken out between the Muslims and Hindus, thus stopping the food delivery. Sister Teresa left the convent to find food for her hundreds of students. She met some soldiers who gave her some bags of food and told her to stay off of the streets. But Teresa would soon experience another call from God. On September 10, 1946 Sister Teresa experienced a call with a call on an annual retreat. She was convinced that god wanted her to reach out to the poor. She believed that God told her to leave the convent and help the poor while living with them. She felt that this was an order from God and not to do this would mean to break the faith. In 1947 Sister Teresa was given permission to leave the Loreto order of nuns. But Sister Teresa did not leave the convent until August 16, 1948. She set out onto the streets of Calcutta, wearing a simple cotton sari decorated with a blue border. She had no idea that her organization would adopt this outfit as their habit. Leaving the Loreto Abbey was one of the greatest sacrifices she ever made. She was leaving behind her only friends and companions to go out into the slums of the cities. Before she went to the slums she proceeded to learn medical skills from Mother Anna Dengel in Patina. There the Medical Missionary Sisters immediately took her with them where they went to the houses of sick and dying people and local hospitals. Sister Teresa learned to care for people by practicing with the sisters. She learned how to deliver babies, fix broken bones and became aware of many common diseases and illness. She was a natural at caring for people and within three months set out to help the poor of Calcutta. Arriving back in Calcutta, she got in touch with Father Van Exem, who would help her find a place to stay. Arrangements were made for her to stay at St. Joseph’s Home. There a group of nuns called the Little Sisters of the Poor gladly welcomed her. There were so many people to help that Sister Teresa didn’t know where to began. The Little Sisters of the Poor invited her to begin with them helping the elderly. Sister Teresa stayed with the Little Sisters of the Poor until December 21, 1948. She left and went out to the streets of Calcutta to start her mission from God. She left St. Joseph’s with a packed lunch, no money, materials or companions. She started a school in the slum that she could see outside her window while at the convent. The first day of school five students showed up for class. Sister Teresa had no books, desks or chalkboards, but due to her determination she still managed to teach. The alphabet was the first lesson taught. The word spread through the slums and soon she had forty students. The student’s learned about language and numbers, but also about personal hygiene and cleanliness. Through her students Sister Teresa met many families of Calcutta and about the poor medical care. Many families had no income because the man of the house had been stricken with a disease. Thousands of people died each year due to lack of medical care. Poverty grew and Sister Teresa knew she had to do something more. Sister Teresa didn’t have money, but she did have her attention and energy, which she gladly gave to the poor. She walked the streets looking for places to help. The work exhausted her, but she never gave up. Her love and compassion for God, people and her work helped her to help people that no one would go near. Each night she would be tempted to go back to the easy life at Loreto, but instead she prayed to God for this help to get through it all. In March 1949, Sister Teresa received a visitor at St. Joseph’s. The visitor was a student from Entally, who could not forget Sister Teresa’s kindness and generosity. She wanted to join Sister Teresa and work for the poor. Sister Teresa didn’t realize that this was the beginning of her order. Soon after Magdalena Gomes joined Sister Teresa. The three of them would go out into the streets each day, not knowing what to expect. By the end of the year eight more young girls joined to help the fight against poverty. In 1949 to demonstrate her dedication to Calcutta’s poor, Sister Teresa decided to become an Indian citizen. On October 7, 1950 Cardinal Pietro Fumoson Biondi head of the office for the Propagation of the Faith, sanctioned Sister Teresa’s order, making her Mother Teresa. Mother Teresa always encouraged her nuns to treat the poor as a gift from God and to treat the patients with respect, warmth and kindness. The middle of 1953 the Missionaries of Charities moved to a new residence that was big enough to house the growing number of nuns. The nuns wanted to call Mother Teresa the Reverend Mother Teresa, but she refused because she never felt above anyone else. In 1954 Mother Teresa was given an unused building for the dying. The building was transformed into the Place of the Immaculate Heart. This was a place for people who were terminally ill that could die with dignity instead of on the streets. Each morning Mother Teresa and the nuns would walk the streets for dying people and bring them to the building. They were treated as angels, and were loved and cared for until their death. When a mother would die leaving a child behind the nuns would take care of the children. In 1955 Mother Teresa opened up the children’s Home of the Immaculate Heart. There was children with no place to go were taken care of. Teenage girls who lost their family came there instead of turning to prostitution. They helped out by taking care of the children and were taught useful skills. Even though Mother Teresa was criticized for wasting money on the dead and dying but she never stop. Her compassion for the poor and dying and the victims of leprosy was overwhelming. This compassion drove Mother Teresa to find medical care for them. In order to provide the medical care the nuns set up clinics where people could get medicines, disinfectant, bandages and other necessary supplies. The sisters opened up a rehabilitation clinic for lepers. One of Mother Teresa’s biggest achievement for the lepers was establishing the thirty-five acre Town of Peace which was a rehabilitating community for the leper. In 1960 groups were formed by the Missionaries of Charity to travel to different parts of India. Homes were set up in many parts of India and by 1962 there were 119 members of the Missionaries of Charity. Due to the many contributions thirty centers were opened outside of Calcutta. Mother Teresa traveled to the United States in 1960 and visited many states. She received hundreds of donations and met many people. She left the United States and traveled to England, Germany and Rome. The trip gave Mother Teresa many new ideas. One of the ideas was to have men involved in the same type of work as the sisters did. So on March 25, 1963, twelve men went to live at the Home of the Immaculate Heart to study for their missionary work. Brother Andrew who later was called General Servant headed these men. Their order was called the Brothers of Charity. Mother Teresa brought them a small home for their headquarters. The brothers went into areas of Calcutta that the sisters could not and ran the men’s ward at the Home for the Dying. In no time the brothers grew and there were forty-four houses around the world. In February of 1965, the Missionaries of Charity had gained permission to work outside of India by the Pope. This meant that Mother Teresa and the sisters could help the poor all over the world. The first home was in Cocorote Venezuela. There Mother Teresa started her work. She was determined to help the women and children. There was a shortage of food, clothing and medical care. In this area men would take more than one wife and then couldn’t support them. Mother Teresa’s goal was to educate the women so they could support themselves and their children. In order to accomplish this they fixed up an old hotel for their headquarters. Once this was completed they taught women how to type and sew. They even taught elementary school to children and anyone who wanted to learn. In the 1960’s and 1970†s over ten new houses were opened in South America. In 1968 Mother Teresa was requested by Pope Paul Vito open a house in Rome. With no hesitation Mother Teresa brought the sisters to the poor out skirts of Rome. There was no electricity, heat or running water. She opened up a house for the poor people. In 1968 Mother Teresa received an invitation to go to Tanzania. The buildings were renovated for the poor people. Homes for old people, nurseries and medical supply rooms were established. In 1969, with the help of Ann Blankie, Mother Teresa founded the International Association of the Co-workers of Mother Teresa for lay people who wanted to help. There were no requirements and you didn’t have to be Catholic or even be religious to join. When sick people wanted to become a part of her work she started a group called the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers. Mother Teresa received the first Pope John XXIII Peace Prize from Pope Paul VI. In 1971 he praised her fro her hard work with the poor and the efforts to make peach and also gave her a small statue of Jesus Christ and an award of $67,000.00 to use in her work. In 1971 Mother Teresa brought her work to the United States. The first home was in Bronx New York. There she helped the children, the lonely, sick and unwanted. Groups of sisters went out and visited shut-ins, clean homes, get groceries and listen to the elderly. Camp programs were organized to keep children off the streets. Then in October Mother Teresa was given the Joseph P. Kennedy Foundation Award by the Kennedy family. She received a check for $12,000, which she set up a fund for disabled and retarded children. Although Mother Teresa was getting older and fragile she would not stop helping people. Even thought Mother Teresa turned sixty-one in 1971, she didn’t even think of retirement. In 1972 Mother Teresa and the missionaries of Charity went to Bangladesh, where there was a terrible devastation. Food was scare in the villages and many people were starving. Many women had been raped and were treated as outcasts and abandoned by their families. Until Mother Teresa arrived these women had nowhere to go. They would put their lives in jeopardy to hide the women that the men wanted to rape. They set up adoptions for unwanted babies, buried the dead and tended to wounds. In 1973 Mother Teresa was given the Templeton Prize for Progress in Religion. In future years Mother Teresa would build many more houses for the poor and needy. She never turned down an opportunity to work with poor. She received many awards in the course of her mission. On December 9, 1979 Mother Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize and a check for $190,000.00. She received the prize for her outstanding work with the poor and overall love for people. Three months later, she was presented with India’s greatest award, the Bharat Tatnu for the Jewel of India. In 1985 President Reagan awarded Mother Teresa with the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In the following years Mother Teresa worked hard as she ever did despite her age. She talked about pro-life and worked with Aids victims of the world. Mother Teresa gave of all of herself until 1997. On September 5, 1997 the world learned that Mother Teresa was given back to God. Her body was buried on Saturday, September 13, 1997, but her spirit was still alive. She was a wonderful human being and a great woman and she will always be missed. While on earth she taught us to forgive is to love and not to be selfishness. I know that her love and generosity will live on as looks down from Heaven. You can also order a custom term paper, research paper, thesis, dissertation or essay on Mother Teresa from our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with high-quality custom written papers.

Healthcare Strategies Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Healthcare Strategies - Research Paper Example The mission of the facility is to honor the Veterans of America via provision of health care to improve their health standards and safety (VA, 2012). According to HPSA (2011), strategic planning involves determining the direction and focus of the organization in terms of delivering services to the patients, in this case the veterans. The plans of VA are based on well-known directives and priorities derived from the Secretary of Veterans Affairs and Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and according to the plan; excellence in a number of goals is to be achieved from now, 2012, to 2016. According to VA (2012), these goals include: This is a process that is cyclical in nature, designed to improve thinking, acting and strategic learning abilities, extending the odds of reaching or exceeding the target goals, and also improve the organizational effectiveness and efficiency (Office, 2010; Baucus, 2009). The plan is reassessed annually which enables VA to keep track of the changing strategic environment, organizational goals and stakeholder requirements. The use of this approach ensures that VA moves the organization forward strategically consequently improving the care given to Veterans (Halasyamani, Kripalani, Coleman, Schnipper, Walraven, Nagamine, Torcson, Bookwalter, Budnitz, Manning, 2006). VA has a plan for achieving the set goals; a plan that needs all organizational efforts to be directed towards the stakeholder experiences, needs, and expectations while maintaining high standards of value and efficiency. The plan is to: i. Build an Improvement Culture. In order to provide quality care to Veterans and establish a system centered on patients, VA established that there need to be constant improvements and innovations. This is to improve safety, quality, and efficiency of VA services while at the same time cementing a working environment that is challenging but rewarding. This is to be achieved through creation of

American Industrialization after the Civil War Essay

American Industrialization after the Civil War - Essay Example This period marked the start of the big budgets of federal government and direct governmental liaisons with the corporate sector, especially those that expanded the railroad lines and other infrastructures. Railroads had immensely contributed in Union victory, hauling supplies and ferrying servicemen. Foner avers that the â€Å"second industrial revolution† was achieved with limited government interference in the corporate sector affairs; businesses developed through self-regulation (512). Civil War had taught the average citizens that real economic emancipation would be achieved if everyone played his or her role as required, especially in demanding moments, such as grappling with water privation and power rationing as well as taking up the arms to defend national goals. The short but often severe conflict taught Americans to not only exercise stoicism, but persevere in order to realize sound economic goals. As the country achieved better economic growth and industrialization transformed the nature of American ideology, the society achieved the growth of middle class, and a generation unique innovations within the industries. The country joined forces in the wake of strong government support, a steady supply of labor and a spirit of sacrifice and determination to achieve a mature industrialized society. Gilded Age political system The Gilded Age saw an ineffective political system that failed to effectively meet its goals, despite the fact that the period experienced remarkable economic and social transformations, which required the input of the political leadership. Although, some political figures made significant contribution during this period in an effort to tackle the challenges faced by the society, most national goals went unattended. The failure of the political leadership can be attributed to a larger proportion of the national leaders, who abandoned their call to formulate good policies for the country, maybe because they ascended to office d ue to their financial muscle, rather than ideology. The â€Å"Politics in a Gilded Age† according to Foner, saw influential businessmen control state institutions from the private sector platforms, to the chagrin of public good (523). The political parties in the Gilded Age were divided by parochial interest. The era was marked by rampant corrupt practices in the political system, a culture that presently would be classified as grand corruption, was the order of the day. Businessmen wantonly bought public officers at all levels of government. Political machinations turned democratic elections into a sham, hence denying voters rightful and deserving leaders. The slim majority between Republican and Democratic political parties made both sides unwilling to make good policies for the good of the country for fear of losing political support. In a nutshell, political accountability in the use of public funds; and few legislations passed by Congress drew the country back in terms o f socio-economic progress. The outcome was that the country made slight achievement of national goals. The Gilded Age and American Freedom According to Foner, â€Å"freedom in the Gilded Age,† was a significant aspect of the era (528). The economic growth of the Gilded Age impacted American freedom in the labor market and the running of business in the country. The period influenced the development of a liberal market, with decreased tariffs, affordable taxes, and low inflation

Tourist Typologies and Tourist Motivations Essay

Tourist Typologies and Tourist Motivations - Essay Example Closely related to tourist motivation are tourist typologies. Tourist typologies refers to the profiles of groups of people with similar travel needs and requirements. Tourist typologies are closely related to tourist motivations because originally tourist motivations were used in constructing tourist typologies. This is true with the work of many early writers especially Cohen.Different authors have come up with different versions of constructing tourist typologies. Cohen(1972),categorized tourists into four types. The first category is what he called ‘organized’ mass tourists. This type of tourists buy their holiday package and after that they follow the decisions and programs of their tour operators. They interact less with the host community and confine themselves in an ‘environmental bubble’. An environmental bubble is what surrounds the tourist ‘from the security of which they observe and experience the strangeness of the host environment’ making the tourist to taste the new environment without being overwhelmed by it.(Cohen 1972)The second type of tourist is the ‘individual mass tourist’. This type, unlike the organized mass tourist,have some control of their own programs although, like the organized mass tourist, they use the facilities provided by their tour operators. Again, many individual mass tourists visit ‘sights’ in much the same way as organized mass tourists.(Cohen 1972)The third type of tourists is the ‘explorer’ .This type of tourist i s much more independent than the above two types. ... many early writers especially Cohen. Different authors have come up with different versions of constructing tourist typologies. Cohen(1972),categorized tourists into four types. The first category is what he called 'organized' mass tourists. This type of tourists buy their holiday package and after that they follow the decisions and programs of their tour operators. They interact less with the host community and confine themselves in an 'environmental bubble'. An environmental bubble is what surrounds the tourist 'from the security of which they observe and experience the strangeness of the host environment' making the tourist to taste the new environment without being overwhelmed by it.(Cohen 1972) The second type of tourist is the 'individual mass tourist'. This type, unlike the organized mass tourist ,have some control of their own programs although, like the organized mass tourist , they use the facilities provided by their tour operators. Again, many individual mass tourists visit 'sights' in much the same way as organized mass tourists.(Cohen 1972)The third type of tourists is the 'explorer' .This type of tourist is much more independent than the above two types. The explorer makes his own programs on where he wants to go and visit. He associates himself more with the local people and many a times speaks the language of the local people although he still puts up in comfortable hotels. He sticks to the things he does in his daily life. (Cohen 1972). The last type of tourists according to Cohen is the 'drifter'. The drifter will live with the community. He gets embedded in their culture and even earns his income from the community often by doing low skilled jobs. This helps him to easily mix with the

The Pride In Art Festival Tourism Essay

The Pride In Art Festival Tourism Essay The scope of the festival will reach throughout the University of Toronto Scarborough campus, whereas everyone attending will be informed through various media outlets (such as social networking websites, posters, radio, and word-of-mouth). The Pride In Art Festival will be held annually at the beginning of November to commemorate Diversity Week. The festival will feature a wide array of works from queer students of various programs while aiming to present the campus as a hub for creativity and inter-disciplinary innovation. In the first year of the festival, attendees can expect to experience approximately 5 projects spread outdoors throughout the campus grounds, including interactive installations, exhibitions, and a theatre stage. The main act will be La-Nai Gabriel (a prominent figure in the LGBTQ community in Toronto). The festival will also include 2 visual artists, 1 music major, as well as 2 drama students (working together for a drama performance). The event will take place on November 12th and will run from noon to 8:00pm (the visual art pieces will be left running for a week, whereas the performances will be a one day event) and will take place outdoors.  [1]   The event will be governed by a reliable student body consisting of students from the VPAC13- Planning and Project Management course as well as volunteers from the LGBTQ Committee at UTSC. The specific roles that will be occupied during the event are outlined in Appendix A: Organizational Chart. In order to develop this project and plan it accordingly, we will look at previous UTSC arts events, shows, and exhibits, as well as previous University of Toronto LGBTQ events to assist us in efficiently and effectively executing the festival. These will include events such as; Art Side Out, DMG Exhibitions, Gallery 1265 Exhibitions, LGBTQ events, and etc. The stakeholders will include the student body attending UTSC, all UTSC employees (including faculty), the community, the artists involved, the LGBTQ committee, the sponsors, and potential funders. The short-term(this year) and long-term(following years) sponsors we seek out will be TD Canada Trust, 103.9 Proud FM, PizzaPizza, and LGBTQ Committee at UTSC, DMG Gallery, Pride Toronto, AMSA( Arts Management Students Association) and Inside Out. We will also be seeking out media sponsors and partners, including CP24, NOW Magazine, Toronto Star, GayCities.com, and OUT TV. The short-term and long-term sponsorships are ambitious but it is important to keep in mind that the megacity of Toronto is very well supported in terms of its acceptance of the LGBTQ community.  [2]  Most of the sponsors listed have also previously supported the annual Pride Festival and therefore have a track record that we can use to our advantage.  [3]   In order to proceed with the event, we first have to attend to the triple constraints of organizing any function. These include time, cost and scope. Due to the fact that we are only a few weeks away from November, the scope of the event will be narrowed down. This is precisely why the first year of the festival will only include 5 productions. The time constraint also puts a definite restriction on the cost aspect of the event. The last-minute fundraising will have to be conducted through approaching the Students Union (they provide grants for organizations at UTSC and we could potentially record the LGBTQ group as the applicant), through donations (that we can request from small businesses in the community as well as some of the sponsors), raffles, and etc. The cost value of the event must be narrowed down to accommodate these restrictions. We will need to heavily rely on volunteering (organizers, artists and performers) as well as donations. These constraints could create critical issues in running the event and thus a SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis must be conducted. The strengths of the event would include the fact that UTSC is a large community of people and although there is little time to plan and execute the festival, marketing the event should not be difficult. Due to the fact that the exhibitions will be in public places, there will be a lot of ongoing traffic throughout the day. Another strength would be the fact that the LGBTQ community is well connected in the city and queer oriented websites, as well as other social networking websites are consistently updated with new events (and they are free to use). A further strength would include inviting a high profile queer artist to the festival ( La-Nai Gabriel with her band). This will draw outsider crowds. The weaknesses of the event are fairly obvious and include the three constraints. Without the proper planning and organization of the event, the execution can result in a catastrophic outcome. Without the proper time, and money invested, the scope of the festival will significantly be narrowed down. The following weakness could be considered either a weakness or strength. In our case, due to the time constraint, it will likely fall under weaknesses. The festival is taking place during Diversity Week. At this time there will likely be other events running simultaneously with ours. If given the right amount of time we could coordinate our show times with other planners in order for us not to step on anyones toes (and suffer in attendance numbers). However, if we had enough time, we could even collaborate and cross promote the other events alongside our own. The opportunities would include creating a safe space to engage communities in the celebration of the arts as well as various sexualities. We could also connect with and help promote the LGBTQ communities, fostering essential partnerships with sponsors, and stake holders. We would also be providing a platform for education through a significant public presence at UTSC (which is considered one of the most prestigious universities in the world). The threats of the event may include the fact that not everyone at UTSC or in the public in general is supportive of the LGBTQ community. In fact there are many who publicly display messages of hate (such as in the case of the broken LGBTQ showcase at UTSC in the previous year)  [4]  . This could potentially become a dangerous situation for the artists, participants and stakeholders of the event. This would require increased security and in turn more money (unless the university provides us with free security). Another threat to the Festival is the availability of the preferred showcase spaces. They all need to be booked ahead of time and due to our time constraint this will need to be done last minute. This fact alone could potentially force us to postpone the event until next year. Other threats may include small attendance numbers (due to the fact that the event is last minute), unreliable artists (perhaps the work will not be completed on time or the contracted outsider acts may not be available for the day of the event), and etc. In order to avoid such issues, we must create contingency plans and work out various options for funding, locations, sponsors, and etc. To assist us with this step we will need to look at a SMART (specific, manageable, achievable, realistic, time-limited) analysis. The specific objective of the festival is to commission and present queer artists at UTSCS Diversity Week. The festival will combat homophobia by building greater public awareness and acceptance of individuals and groups outside sexual and gender norms. The success of this event will be measured through Due to the narrowed scope of the event (because of the constraints), the event will be very difficult to manage. We will need a fully committed staff in order to accomplish our objectives. The sponsors will also be hard to attain in time for the event (due to the fact that a lot of them are big organizations and companies where it is usually very difficult to get through to the sponsorship director because they receive so many proposals on a daily basis). It will also be tough to find flexible volunteers during the exam period. Many students and professors will not have the time to devote to planning and executing this event. The event will be difficult to achieve due to our monetary limitations. The estimated expenses (food catering, equipment rental and artist honorariums, props, and promotion) for the event will be in the 2500 range (please see APPENDIX B: Estimated Budget). There will be a stage set up outside, in between the Student Centre and the Arts and Administration building, for the main act (La-Nai Gabriel). There will not be a seating area but rather space for students and viewers to watch the performance. This same method was also done during the Art Side Out festival for the music acts. The time limitations of the event make it rather unrealistic. However, one must remember that the success of our event would be measured in fulfilling our mission rather than reaching a break-even on our return of investment. Therefore, the cost to benefit ratio is not as easy to disprove as with a profitable event. Even if the event was to pale in the face of its proposal (give or take an extra artist or two), it would still be fulfilling the mandate of creating awareness in the general public and writing history for the annual expansion and reinvention of the festival. In conclusion, the proposed event is one that is very hard to achieve, but can nonetheless be done in a way that would satisfy the agenda of the mission. The constraints of this event will create many barriers, such as time, and money and will make it difficult adequately execute the event. However, like with many artistic events, the focus will be to satisfy the ambitious mission rather than to fill our pockets. With this in mind, the event will be a ground-breaking move towards spreading awareness about the LGBTQ at UTSC and in the general community an eradicating homophobia through the healing power of multidisciplinary arts.

Sir Gawain And The Green Knight: Stanza 74 Essay -- essays research pa

In stanza 74, fit III, the lady of the castle offers a magical, green girdle to Sir Gawain and explains to him that the wearer of this corset "cannot be killed by any cunning on earth." Sir Gawain, amidst an ethical dilemma, accepts the gift and chooses to conceal it from Lord Bertilak. This passage contains three of the main themes of the story – the inner and outer conflicts between Sir Gawain’s ethics and desire to live, and the test of religion. When Sir Gawain is offered the girdle, his knightly principles are questioned. The honorable thing would be to reject the offer or bring it to the lord of the castle, but Gawain places the preservation of his life ahead of chivalry. The knight has withstood the lady’s constant barrage of sexual advances, and kept his promise to the lord of the castle, but when the chance to save his life is presented, he snatches it up without a second thought. This point is shown by the way the author puts "Outright" on a line of it’s own, emphasizing Gawain’s quick decision. He is then ecstatic about the thought that he will survive his meeting with the knight the next day, shown by "often thanks gave he/ With all his heart and might." Later, Sir Gawain finds three faults in his actions, the first being his cowardice – in direct contrast to the main principles of knighthood, the second being his covetousness, his lust for life, and the third being his lack of faith in God. Even when it is shown that God has forgiven him by healing the wound on his neck, Sir Gawain still feels that he has sinned, and is not as willing to forgive himself. He decides that more atonement is in order, so he makes the decision to wear the girdle from then on, as a sign of his eternal sin, but even then he does not feel that he has been cleansed of his sin. He understands that he will be forced to bear the shame and disgrace of the sin for the rest of his life. The observers’ opinions of whether Sir Gawain is forgiven are the complete opposite of Sir Gawain’s. In the passage, it is mentioned that the lady kissed the constant knight. The question arises as to the author’s meaning of constant. It is obvious that it does not mean that Gawain is constant in his moral decisions, as he just made an unethical decision. It also wouldn’t mean that he is determined or steadfast, for he just caved in to h... ...ly a minor sin though; when the truth about the Green Knight is revealed, Sir Gawain is repentant, and his penance is served through the knick of Bertilak’s axe. Though technically Gawain fails the test when he gives into the lady’s temptations, he does well enough to pass in God’s eyes. As mentioned before, Sir Gawain is forgiven by God, as shown by the healing of the axe wound. The combination of these three themes creates a complex moral dilemma for the antagonist, Sir Gawain. This perplexity asks the question of life versus religion; is it acceptable to forsake God to save one’s own life? In the poem, obviously, it would have been wiser for Gawain to have denied the gift of the girdle; denial of the offering would have been the more ethical, socially acceptable, and pious choice to make. Sir Gawain’s acquisition of the present is accepted by others and by God as only a minor fault, and that is the author’s point. When confronted with a complicated decision, the person making the judgment will always be either supported or forgiven by his peers and by God; that person must appease themselves, however, and make the decision that he or she feels is ethically and morally correct.